Quinze ans de gestion communautaire des forêts : du rêve de technicien à la réalité sociale

Le papier dont le résumé figure ci-dessous concerne deux Marchés Ruraux du Sud-Niger. Régis Peltier avait participé à l'établissement des règles de gestion des forêts (enquêtes, inventaires, levé et cartographie des limites et du parcellaire, quota, méthodes de coupe, droit de pâturage et de cueillette, actions de restauration, protection des espèces rares, etc.) et à l'organisation des acteurs, avec l'équipe du projet Énergie II dans les années 1990. Quinze ans après, grâce à un stage collectif du Master Agrhymet et à la thèse de Fanny Rives, il a été possible de confronter ses (nos) rêves de gestion décentralisée, durable et équitable, à la dure réalité sociale et écologique sahélienne. "Que cela donne à chacun envie de revenir sur ses traces, c'est le meilleur moyen d'apprendre !", précise-t-il.

Forest management policies in tropical countries have undergone a paradigm shift in the 1980s. International environmental policies have recommended redirecting natural resource management from state control to approaches giving responsibilities to local people. In Niger, forest cooperatives and firewood rural markets characterized the transition in forest policies toward the integration of rural people in forest management. Forest management principles have been progressively adapted to the social and ecological context, since the establishment of the first cooperatives in 1986. Changes in forest policies concerned two fronts: forest management governance and forest management technical instruments. In this paper, the impact of governance and technical instruments on forest management is studied in two types of firewood rural markets found in Niger. Both rural markets have been designed to bring about a governance shift in favour of rural people. In one type of rural market, rigorous technical instruments were added, consisting in a rotational system among several plots to be harvested in the forest. This paper shows that in the implementation of rural markets, the shift is mainly on governance of forest management, and not so much on technical instruments. The general management principles remain based on scientific knowledge and are not enforced by rural people. These principles have been shown to be inappropriate with regard to Sahelian people’s representation of space, but because they are scientific, they cannot be questioned. The study suggests that sustainable forest management will be better served by interesting rural people in the rural markets, and thereby promoting their appropriation of forest resources, than by defining rigorous technical rules. Pour accéder à l'article complet.

Publiée : 30/03/2012